Basal cell carcinoma: literary review

Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a cutaneous neoplasm that originates from pluripotent immature epithelial basal cells, which have lost their capacity for differentiation and normal keratinization and cutaneous attachments. CBC usually presents slow growth and low aggressiveness, and the onset of metastasis is a rare event, being treated effectively by the various therapeutic options. The region of greatest appearance of BCC comprises the head and neck, preferably in the upper two thirds. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the main risk factor associated with the genesis of BCC, evidenced by the greater occurrence in photo exposed areas. Histologically, most BCCs appear to originate from the epidermis and hair follicles. They are classified into subtypes with more or less aggressive behavior, which are nodular, micronodular, superficial, pigmented, cystic, infiltrative and morpheaform. The treatment is often performed by simple exeresis, however, various therapeutic modalities have been described and employed, such as curettage and electrocoagulation, cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen, chemosurgery, photodynamic therapy. The cure rate for a CBC treated with appropriate therapy is around 90% or more. Early detection and appropriate treatment of relapses and new tumors will increase cure and minimize morbidity.